The General Self-Efficacy scale measures self-perception of self-efficacy. It is a self-report questionnaire that asks test-takers to rate perceived self-efficacy in order to predict their coping abilities
10
4 minutes
Adolescent
12 - 17
yearsAdult
18 - 64
yearsElderly Adult
+
yearsAdrià Robert Gonzalez, Christina Sukjin Kwon, Mallika Palecanda, & Hye Soo Shin (Master of Occupational Therapy students)
Faculty mentor: Danbi Lee, PhD, OTD, OTR/L
Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
Arthritis: (Barlow et al., 1996; Study 1 (Adult): n=56, Mean Age=54.3 (10.9), Disease duration=13.1 (9.4); Study 2 (Older adult), n = 80, Mean Age=68.4(8.0), Disease duration=25.3(16.2); Study 3 (Adult), n=79, Mean Age=56.0(12.5), Disease duration=18.1(13.3); Study 4 (Adult) n=66, Mean Age=56.1(11.9), Disease duration=13.3(10.0); UK Sample)
|
Sample |
Mean (SD) |
Median |
Range |
|
Study 2 |
29.05(5.1) |
29.0 |
18-40 |
|
Study 3 |
28.71(5.9) |
29.0 |
12-39 |
|
Study 4 |
30.23(4.8) |
30.0 |
15-40 |
Arthritis: (Barlow et al., 1996))
Arthritis: (Barlow et al., 1996)
Arthritis: (Barlow et al., 1996)
Advanced Cancer: (Tarakeshwar. et. al. 2006; n=170; Mean Age=57.46; American sample)
|
Race/Ethnicity |
Mean (SD) |
|
White |
3.42 (0.43) |
|
Non-white |
3.55 (0.38) |
Cancer: (Mystakidou et al., 2008)
Cancer: (Mystakidou et al., 2008; n = 99)
Cancer: (Mystakidou et al., 2008\)
Mixed Chronic Illnesses: (Luszczynska et al., 2005; n=1933; Coronary health disease, n=395, Mean Age=58.6(10.01), German sample; Cancer, n=238,Mean Age=62(11.4), German sample; No impairment n=941, Mean Age=30.87(15.87), South Korean sample; College students n=225, Mean Age=21(1.51), Polish sample; Professional Swimmers, n=54, Mean Age=17.6(1.64), Polish sample; Gastrointestinal diseases n=80, Mean Age=49.44(9.97), Polish sample)
|
Sample |
Mean GSE (SD) |
|
Patients with coronary heart disease |
32.11(0.52) |
|
Patients with cancer |
30.63(5.42) |
|
No impairment |
28.77(5.37) |
|
Patients with gastrointestinal diseases |
28.61(5.33) |
|
College students |
30.35(4.00) |
|
Professional swimmers |
30.45(4.98) |
HIV: (Fillipas et al., 2006; n=40; experimental group mean age=43.3(7.7), control group mean age = 43.7(10); mean time since HIV diagnosis: experimental = 6.5 years, control = 9.9 years; scores at baseline and after six-months of exercise with a physiotherapist; Australian Sample)
Elderly Women with Chronic Physical Illness: (Wu et al., 2004; n = 159; Mean Age=74 (6.8); Chinese sample)
Adequate test-retest reliability: (r = 0.75)
Mixed Chronic Illnesses: (Luszczynska et al., 2005)
Elderly Women with Chronic Physical Illness: (Wu et al., 2004)
Women with Urinary Incontinence: (Chen et al., 2004; n=106; Mean Age=48.63(11.4); diagnosed with stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence and instructed to do pelvic floor muscle exercise daily for at least six weeks; Taiwanese sample)
*Scores higher than 0.9 may indicate redundancy in the scale questions
Women with Urinary Incontinence: (Chen et al., 2004; n=106; Mean Age=48.63(11.4); diagnosed with stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence and instructed to do pelvic floor muscle exercise daily for at least six weeks; Taiwanese sample)
Mixed Chronic Illnesses: (Luszczynska et al., 2005)
Elderly Women with Chronic Physical Illness: (Wu et al., 2004)
Schizophrenia: (Schwartz et al., 2009; n=97; Mean Age=43(10.1); Mean number of years of education = 11.8; Israeli sample)
|
Living situation and employment status |
Mean GSE (SD) |
|
Group home (n=34) |
2.6 (0.89) |
|
Supported apartments (n=61) |
2.8 (0.75) |
|
Unemployed (n=35) |
2.6 (0.82) |
|
Employed (n=60) |
2.8 (0.8) |
Individuals with schizophrenia: (Chiu et al., 2004; n=78)
Adequate to excellent test-retest reliability in 2 weeks interval (ICC=0.94, 0.75, 0.85 for personal domain, environmental domain and total score, respectively)
Schizophrenia: (Chiu et al., 2004)
Schizophrenia: (Schwartz et al., 2009)
*Scores higher than 0.9 may indicate redundancy in the scale questions
Schizophrenia: (Chiu et al., 2004)
Exploratory factor analysis identified two factors that accounted for 69.0% of the total variance.
“The content validity of items was endorsed by a panel of 8 rehabilitation professionals with 75% to 100% agreement. From the results of this panel, Chiu and Tsang (2004) concluded that all 10 items in Chinese General Self-efficacy Scales showed good to excellent content validity (p.160).”
Barlow, J. H., Williams, B., & Wright, C. (1996). The Generalized
Self-Efficacy Scale in people with arthritis. Arthritis Care and research, 9(3), 189-196.https://doi-org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/10.1002/1529-0131(199606)9:3%3C189::aid-anr1790090307%3E3.0.co;2-#
Chen S. Y. (2004). The development and testing of the pelvic floor
muscle exercise self-efficacy scale. Journal of Nursing Research, 12(4), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnr.0000387510.52243.c8
Chiu, F. P., & Tsang, H. W. (2004). Validation of the Chinese General Self-Efficacy Scale among individuals with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 27(2),159–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mrr.0000127640.55118.6b
Fillipas, S., Oldmeadow, L. B., Bailey, M. J., & Cherry, C. L. (2006). A six-month, supervised, aerobic and resistance exercise program improves self-efficacy in people with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomised controlled trial. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 52(3), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-9514(06)70027-7
Leganger, A., Kraft, P., & Roysamb, E. (2000). Perceived self-efficacy in health behaviour research: Conceptualisation, measurement and correlates. Psychology & Health, 15(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440008400288
Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural validation studies. Journal of Psychology, 139(5),439–457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
Mystakidou, K., Parpa, E., Tsilika, E., Galanos, A., & Vlahos, L. (2008). General perceived self-efficacy: validation analysis in Greek cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 16(12), 1317–1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-008-0443-z
Schwartz, C., & Gronemann, O. C. (2009). The contribution of self-efficacy, social support and participation in the community to predicting loneliness among persons with schizophrenia living in supported residences. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 46(2), 120–129.
Tarakeshwar, N., Vanderwerker, L. C., Paulk, E., Pearce, M. J., Kasl, S. V., & Prigerson, H. G. (2006). Religious coping is associated with the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9(3), 646–657. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2006.9.646
Tsang, H. W., Fung, K. M., Chan, A. S., Lee, G., & Chan, F. (2006). Effect of a qigong exercise programme on elderly with depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(9), 890–897. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1582
Wu, A. M., Tang, C. S., & Kwok, T. C. (2004). Self-efficacy, health locus of control, and psychological distress in elderly Chinese women with chronic illnesses. Aging & Mental Health, 8(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860310001613293
Zotti, A. M., Balestroni, G., Cerutti, P., Rossi Ferrario, S., Angelino, E., & Miglioretti, M. (2016). Application of the general perceived self-efficacy scale in cardiovascular rehabilitation. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 68(3), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2007.451
We have reviewed more than 500 instruments for use with a number of diagnoses including stroke, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury among several others.