Quantifies severity of depression.
21
5-10 minutes
Adolescent
13 - 17
yearsAdult
18 - 64
yearsInitially reviewed by Jason Raad, MS and the Rehabilitation Measures Team in 2010; Updated by Theresa Gilsdorf, SPT and Stephanie Korso, SPT with chronic pain, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and SCI populations in 2011.
BDI is a self-report measure and as such may be susceptible to contextual demands. Administrators should be aware of any physical limitations that might impair a patient's ability to respond to items or that may influence resultant scores (Moore et al, 1998). May yield a high rate of false positives in stroke population (approximately 31%), particularly among female patients (Aben et al. 2002). Not been tested for use with proxy respondents (e.g. caregivers, family members). Described as having shortcomings such as high item difficulty, lack of representative norms, controversial factorial validity, instability of scores over short time intervals, and poor discriminant validity against anxiety (Richter, et al., 1998). Described as having advantages such as high internal consistency, high content validity, validity in differentiating between depressed and nondepressed patients, sensitivity to change, and international propagation (Richter, et al., 1998).
Beck Depression Inventory translations:
Chinese (simplified): http://baike.baidu.com/view/9292518.htm
Danish: http://www.cure4you.dk/960/BDI%20Beck%20Depression%20Inventory%20-%20dansk.pdf
French: http://www.deploie-tes-ailes.org/test/depression.php
German (slides 21-22): http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/psych-3/seminar/schwab/Selbstbeurteilungsverfahren.pdf
Italian (p4-5): http://www.stateofmind.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/BDI-13.pdf Japanese: http://www.sannoclinic.jp/bdi.html
Spanish: http://telemedicinadetampico.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/inventariodedepresiondebeck.pdf
These translations, and links to them, are subject to the Terms and Conditions of Use of the Rehab Measures Database. RIC is not responsible for and does not endorse the content, products or services of any third-party website, and does not make any representations regarding its quality, content or accuracy. If you would like to contribute a language translation to the RMD, please contact us at rehabmeasures@ric.org.
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Acute SCI: (Chan et al, 2000; n = 66; mean age = 45.2 (10.66) years; mean time since injury = 13.3 (10.01) years; Chinese sample)
Acute Stroke: (Kotila et al, 1998; n = 423; 3 months post-stroke; Finnish sample)
In a treatment study the following percent of patients and caregivers were found to have depressive symptoms:
|
Patients |
Caregivers |
||||
|
0-9 |
minimal |
64 |
45.7 |
41 |
58.5 |
|
10-18 |
mild to moderate |
43 |
30.7 |
20 |
28.6 |
|
19-29 |
moderate to severe |
24 |
17.2 |
7 |
10 |
|
30-63 |
severe |
9 |
6.4 |
2 |
2.9 |
|
Total |
140 |
100% |
70 |
100% |
Chronic Stroke: (Kotila et al, 1998; BDI scores 12 months post-stroke)
|
Patients |
Caregivers |
||||
|
BDI Score |
Level of Depression |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
0-9 |
minimal |
57 |
44.6 |
40 |
58.0 |
|
10-18 |
mild to moderate |
53 |
41.4 |
16 |
23.2 |
|
19-29 |
moderate to severe |
15 |
11.7 |
8 |
11.6 |
|
30-63 |
severe |
3 |
2.3 |
5 |
7.2 |
|
Total |
128 |
100% |
69 |
100% |
Acute Stroke: (Aben et al, 2002; n = 202, mean age = 68.5 (11.6) years)
Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83)
Stroke: (Desrosiers et al, 2002; n = 132; mean age = 60.9 (13.5) years)
Acute Stroke: (House et al, 1991; n = 128; assessed over 12 months after first ever stroke)
Psychiatric patients: (Beck et al, 1988; n = 1,086 psychiatric outpatients; mean age = 36.35 (12.41) years)
Non-psychiatric college-aged subjects: (Wiebe & Penley, 2005; taken in English (n = 539) Spanish (n = 355) or Both languages (n = 254))
Psychiatric outpatient: (Poole et al, 2006; n = 500)
Excellent test-retest reliability (coefficient alpha = 0.92)
College students: (Poole et al, 2006; n = 120)
Excellent test-retest reliability (coefficient alpha = 0.93)
Psychiatric Out-patients meta-analysis: (Beck & Steer, 1988)
Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86)
Non-Psychiatric subjects meta-analysis: (Beck & Steer, 1988)
Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.81)
Chronic Pain: (Poole et al, 2006; n = 1227; mean age = 46. 73 (11.30) years; mean duration of pain = 8.8 (7.8) years)
Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92)
Psychiatric samples meta-analysis: (Richter, Werner, Heerlein, Kraus & Sauer, 1998)
Excellent internal consistency (average alpha-coefficient = 0.88)
Non-Psychiatric samples meta-analysis: (Richter, et al., 1998)
Excellent internal consistency (average alpha-coefficient = 0.82)
Concurrent Validity:
BDI was evaluated against the following clinical rating tools: (Beck et al, 1988, meta-analysis):
Psychiatric Out-patients: (Snyder et al, 2000)
Psychiatric Out-patients: (Richter et al, 1998)
Psychiatric Out-patients: (Beck et al, 1996)
Psychiatric Out-patients: (Beck et al, 1988)
Parkinson’s Disease: (Visser et al, 2006; n = 101)
Aben, I., Verhey, F., et al. (2002). "Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SCL-90, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale as screening instruments for depression in stroke patients." Psychosomatics 43(5): 386. Find it on PubMed
Beck, A., Steer, R., et al. (1988). "Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation." Clinical Psychology Review 8(1): 77-100. Beck, A., Ward, C., et al. (1961). "An inventory for measuring depression." Archives of General Psychiatry 4(6): 561.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., et al. (1988). "An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties." J Consult Clin Psychol 56(6): 893-897. Find it on PubMed
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., et al. (1996). "Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients." J Pers Assess 67(3): 588-597. Find it on PubMed
Chan, R. C., Lee, P. W., et al. (2000). "Coping with spinal cord injury: personal and marital adjustment in the Hong Kong Chinese setting." Spinal Cord 38(11): 687-696. Find it on PubMed
Desrosiers, J., Noreau, L., et al. (2002). "Predictors of handicap situations following post-stroke rehabilitation." Disabil Rehabil 24(15): 774-785. Find it on PubMed
House, A., Dennis, M., et al. (1991). "Mood disorders in the year after first stroke." Br J Psychiatry 158: 83-92. Find it on PubMed
Kotila, M., Numminen, H., et al. (1998). "Depression after stroke: results of the FINNSTROKE Study." Stroke 29: 368-372. Find it on PubMed
Moore, M. J., Moore, P. B., et al. (1998). "Mood disturbances in motor neurone disease." J Neurol Sci 160 Suppl 1: 53-56. Find it on PubMed
Pohjasvaara, T., Leppavuori, A., et al. (1998). "Frequency and clinical determinants of poststroke depression." Stroke 29(11): 2311-2317. Find it on PubMed
Poole, H., Bramwell, R., et al. (2006). "Factor Structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in patients With chronic pain." Clinical Journal of Pain 22(9): 790-798. Find it on PubMed
Richter, P., Werner, J., et al. (1998). "On the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory. A review." Psychopathology 31(3): 160-168. Find it on PubMed
Riskind, J., Beck, A., et al. (1987). "Taking the Measure of Anxiety and Depression Validity of the Reconstructed Hamilton Scales." The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175(8): 474. Find it on PubMed
Snyder, A. G., Stanley, M. A., et al. (2000). "Measures of depression in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a psychometric evaluation." Depress Anxiety 11(3): 114-120. Find it on PubMed
Visser, M., Leentjens, A. F., et al. (2006). "Reliability and validity of the Beck depression inventory in patients with Parkinson's disease." Mov Disord 21(5): 668-672. Find it on PubMed
Wiebe, J. S. and Penley, J. A. (2005). "A psychometric comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in English and Spanish." Psychol Assess 17(4): 481-485. Find it on PubMed
We have reviewed more than 500 instruments for use with a number of diagnoses including stroke, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury among several others.