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Purpose
The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire – 4th Edition (PDQ-4+) is a 99-item assessment that is used to screen for DSM-IV personality disorders.
The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire – 4th Edition (PDQ-4+) is a 99-item assessment that is used to screen for DSM-IV personality disorders.
99
20-30 minutes
Adults
18 - 64
yearsOlder Adults
+
yearsSabria Borom
Marie Yaroch
Haley Szalewski
People in prison: (Davison et al., 2001; N = 389; median age = 31 years; United Kingdom)
Cut-off Score |
Sensitivity (%) |
Specificity (%) |
Positive predictive power (%) |
Negative predictive power (%) |
20 |
89 |
72 |
86 |
78 |
25 |
75 |
74 |
85 |
61 |
50 |
26 |
100 |
100 |
41 |
Persons living in residential substance abuse treatment programs and prisons: (Guy et al., 2008; N = 1,345; Mean Age (SD) = 31.40 [6.69] years; gender = 83% men [n = 1,122], 17% women [n = 223]; race/ethnicity = 66% Caucasian [n = 869], 34% African American [n = 454], 10% Hispanic ethnicity; incarcerated = 50.4% [n = 678], substance use residential facility = 49.6% [n = 667]).
People in prison: (Green & Browne, 2019; N = 37; mean age [SD] = 33.38 [10.93] years; Men in prison; convicted of domestic violence)
53% of participants met PDQ-4+ criteria for both Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder.
Persons living in residential substance abuse treatment programs and prisons: (Guy et al., 2008; N = 1,345; Mean Age (SD) = 31.40 [6.69] years; gender = 83% men [n = 1,122], 17% women [n = 223]; race/ethnicity = 66% Caucasian [n = 869], 34% African American [n = 454], 10% Hispanic ethnicity; incarcerated = 50.4% [n = 678], substance use residential facility = 49.6% [n = 667]).
Category |
|
Mean (SD) |
Gender |
Male (n = 1,122) |
8.10 (4.65) |
|
Female (n = 223) |
7.38 (4.61) |
Race |
Caucasian (n = 869) |
8.17 (4.70) |
|
African American (n = 454) |
7.65 (4.55) |
Status |
Residential (n = 667) |
8.49 (4.74) |
|
Incarcerated (n = 678) |
7.48 (4.51) |
People in prison: (Green & Browne, 2019; N = 37; mean age [SD] = 33.38 [10.93] years; men in prison; convicted of domestic violence)
Persons living in residential substance abuse treatment programs and prisons: (Guy et al., 2008; N = 1,345; Mean Age (SD) = 31.40 [6.69] years; gender = 83% men [n = 1,122], 17% women [n = 223]; race/ethnicity = 66% Caucasian [n = 869], 34% African American [n = 454], 10% Hispanic ethnicity; incarcerated = 50.4% [n = 678], substance use residential facility = 49.6% [n = 667]).
The PDQ-4+ is composed of scales aimed to measure personality disorder diagnoses by using the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV, which contains the information required to meet each specific criterion. The test includes all of the personality disorders within the DSM-IV, the latest DSM when the PDQ-4+ was developed (Green & Browne, 2019).
Mixed Psychiatric Sample: (Fossati et al., 1998; N = 300; Mean age [SD] = 30.38 [9.16]; Gender = 59.3% female [n = 178], 40.7% male [n = 122])
Personality Disorder |
FP Frequency |
FN Frequency |
Χ2 (1, N = 300) |
Paranoid |
92 |
7 |
71.273** |
Schizotypal |
63 |
8 |
41.070** |
Schizoid |
53 |
3 |
42.875** |
Histrionic |
54 |
15 |
20.927** |
Narcissistic |
27 |
39 |
1.833 |
Borderline |
111 |
11 |
80.336** |
Antisocial |
19 |
3 |
10.227** |
Avoidant |
141 |
3 |
130.340** |
Dependent |
62 |
3 |
51.754** |
Obsessive |
128 |
8 |
104.125** |
Passive-Ag. |
106 |
10 |
77.802** |
Depressive |
215 |
0 |
213.005** |
Any |
82 |
9 |
56.967** |
Mixed Psychiatric Sample: (Fossati et al., 1998; N = 300; Mean age [SD] = 30.38 [9.16]; Gender = 59.3% female [n = 178], 40.7% male [n = 122])
Personality Disorder |
Internal Consistency (KR-20) |
Paranoid |
Poor (0.65) |
Schizotypal |
Poor (0.67) |
Schizoid |
Poor (0.53) |
Histrionic |
Poor (0.54) |
Narcissistic |
Poor (0.58) |
Borderline |
Poor (0.70) |
Antisocial |
Poor (0.63) |
Avoidant |
Adequate (0.71) |
Dependent |
Adequate (0.74) |
Obsessive-compulsive |
Poor (0.46) |
Passive-aggressive |
Poor (0.51) |
Depressive |
Poor (0.64) |
Mixed Psychiatric Sample (Fossati et al., 1998; N = 300; Mean age (SD) = 30.38 (9.16); Gender = 59.3% female [n = 178], 40.7% male [n = 122])
Personality disorder |
PPM correlation between PDQ-4 and SCID-II score |
Paranoid |
Adequate (.359) |
Schizotypal |
Poor (.202) |
Schizoid |
Poor (.193) |
Histrionic |
Poor (.292) |
Narcissistic |
Adequate (.417) |
Borderline |
Adequate (.404) |
Antisocial |
Adequate (.372) |
Avoidant |
Adequate (.359) |
Dependent |
Adequate (.387) |
Obsessive-Compulsive |
Poor (.284) |
Passive-Aggressive |
Poor (.297) |
Depressive |
Poor (.208) |
Hopwood et al. found that there may be some limitations for the PDQ-4’s content validity when assessing Narcissistic Personality Disorder: “The PDQ-4 only includes a single binary item to capture each DSM-IV symptom, potentially limiting the reliability and content validity of the measure” (Hopwood et al., 2012, p. 281).
Undergraduate Students: (Fossati et al., 2004; N = 747; mean age = 22.96 [SD = 2.63] years; mean university education = 3.89 [SD = 1.97] years; gender = 64.5% female [n = 482], 35.5% male [n = 265]; Italy)
Undergraduate Students (Okada & Oltmanns, 2009; N = 203; mean age [SD] = 20 [1.1] years; 31% male [n = 63]; United States):
Personality Disorder
|
ICC (Time 1 and Time 2) |
ICC (Time 2 and Time 3) |
ICC (Time 1 and Time 3) |
Paranoid |
0.61 |
0.84 |
0.58 |
Schizoid |
0.54 |
0.80 |
0.59 |
Schizotypal |
0.64 |
0.82 |
0.63 |
Antisocial |
0.56 |
0.85 |
0.58 |
Borderline |
0.58 |
0.87 |
0.47 |
Histrionic |
0.65 |
0.85 |
0.62 |
Narcissistic |
0.65 |
0.79 |
0.66 |
Avoidant |
0.56 |
0.81 |
0.66 |
Dependent |
0.60 |
0.84 |
0.57 |
Obsessive-Compulsive |
0.59 |
0.82 |
0.56 |
Median |
0.60 |
0.83 |
0.59 |
Undergraduate students (Ling et al., 2010; N = 4,811; China)
Personality Disorder |
Test-Retest Reliability (ICC) |
Borderline |
0.83 |
Antisocial |
0.79 |
Paranoid |
0.66 |
Schizoid |
0.57 |
Undergraduate students (Ling et al., 2010; N = 4,811; China)
Personality Disorder |
Cronbach’s alpha |
Antisocial |
Adequate (0.74) |
Paranoid |
Adequate (0.70) |
Borderline |
Excellent (0.83) |
Community residents (Ling et al., 2010; age range = 18-80 years; general community residents, China)
Personality Disorder |
Cronbach’s alpha |
Borderline |
Adequate (0.78) |
Schizotypal |
Poor (0.56) |
Predictive Validity:
Undergraduate students, China (Ling et al., 2010; N = 313):
Personality Disorder |
Antipathy toward mother |
Neglect by mother |
Antipathy toward father |
Neglect by father |
Paranoid |
.155** |
.010 |
.169** |
.022 |
Schizotypal |
.242** |
.214** |
.227** |
.240** |
Schizoid |
.176** |
.094** |
.205** |
.104** |
Antisocial |
.209** |
.244** |
.295** |
.202** |
Borderline |
.268** |
.156** |
.269** |
.185** |
Histrionic |
.107** |
.063 |
.091** |
.042 |
Narcissistic |
.142** |
.023 |
.136** |
.020 |
Avoidant |
.240** |
.161** |
.242** |
.207** |
Dependent |
.204** |
.152** |
.211** |
.162** |
Obsessive-Compulsive |
.151** |
.029 |
.126** |
.082* |
Passive-Aggressive |
.185** |
.087** |
.185** |
.102** |
Depressive |
.230** |
.145** |
.239** |
.192** |
Total score for PDQ |
.332** |
.200** |
.339** |
.214** |
Convergent Validity:
Undergraduate students (Okada & Oltmanns, 2009; N = 203; 69% female; mean age [SD] = 20 [1.1]; United States):
Personality Disorder |
Pearson Correlation for agreement between SCID-IIQ and PDQ-4 |
Paranoid |
Excellent (0.82) |
Schizoid |
Excellent (0.73) |
Schizotypal |
Excellent (0.67) |
Borderline |
Excellent (0.78) |
Histrionic |
Adequate (0.58) |
Narcissistic |
Excellent (0.74) |
Avoidant |
Excellent (0.76) |
Dependent |
Excellent (0.68) |
Obsessive-Compulsive |
Excellent (0.65) |
Median |
Excellent (0.73) |
Abdin, E., Koh, K. G., Subramaniam, M., Guo, M.-E., Leo, T., Teo, C., … Chong, S. A. (2011). Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire—4 (PDQ-4) among Mentally Ill Prison Inmates in Singapore. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(6), 834–841. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.6.834
Davison, S., Leese, M., & Taylor, P. J. (2001). Examination of the Screening Properties of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4 (PDQ-4 ) in a Prison Population. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(2), 180–194. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.2.180.19212
Fossati, A., Barratt, E. S., Carretta, I., Leonardi, B., Grazioli, F., & Maffei, C. (2004). Predicting borderline and antisocial personality disorder features in nonclinical subjects using measures of impulsivity and aggressiveness. Psychiatry Research, 125, 161–170. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.001
Fossati, A., Maffei, C., Bagnato, M., Donati, D., Donini, M., Fiorilli, M., … Ansoldi, M. (1998). Brief Communication: Criterion Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4 ) in a Mixed Psychiatric Sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12(2), 172–178. doi: 10.1521/pedi.1998.12.2.172
Green, K., & Browne, K. (2019). Personality Disorder Traits, Trauma, and Risk in Perpetrators of Domestic Violence. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(2-3), 147–166. doi: 10.1177/0306624x19826516
Guy, L. S., Poythress, N. G., Douglas, K. S., Skeem, J. L., & Edens, J. F. (2008). Correspondence between self-report and interview-based assessments of antisocial personality disorder. Psychological Assessment, 20(1), 47–54. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.20.1.47
Hopwood, C. J., Donnellan, M. B., Ackerman, R. A., Thomas, K. M., Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2013). The validity of the personality diagnostic questionnaire–4 narcissistic personality disorder scale for assessing pathological grandiosity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(3), 274–283. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.732637
Hyler, S. E. (1994). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) [Database record]. APA PsycTests.
Ling, H., Qian, M.-Y., & Yang, B.-J. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the personality diagnostic questionnaire-4 : A study with Chinese college students. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(3), 311–320. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.311
Okada, M., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2009). Comparison of Three Self-Report Measures of Personality Pathology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(4), 358–367. doi: 10.1007/s10862-009-9130-8
Order the PDQ-4. (n.d.) The official website of the PDQ-4. http://www.pdq4.com/Order.html
PDQ Computer Assisted. (n.d.). Steven E. Hyler’s home page. http://www.columbia.edu/~seh5/SEH1.html
Pilkonis, P. (2019, January 3). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-IV (PDQ-IV) - Personality Studies. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/35842/
Reus, R. J. M. D., Berg, J. F. V. D., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2011). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4 is not Useful as a Screener in Clinical Practice. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(1), 49–54. doi: 10.1002/cpp.766
The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2020, from http://www.columbia.edu/~seh5/pdq1.html
We have reviewed more than 500 instruments for use with a number of diagnoses including stroke, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury among several others.