Motor-free Visual Perception Test-4

Last Updated

July 26, 2023

Purpose

The MVPT-4 is designed to:

1) Identify significant difficulties in discerning and understanding visual-perceptual stimuli;

2) Assist individuals with deficits to obtain needed services;

3) Assess the effectiveness of educational and other intervention programs; and

4) Serve as a research tool.

The purpose of the MVPT-4 is to determine whether an adult or child demonstrates age-appropriate visual perception skills independent of motor ability.

Link to Instrument

Instrument Details

Acronym MVPT-4

Assessment Type

Performance Measure

Administration Mode

Paper & Pencil

Cost

Not Free

Actual Cost

$220.00

Cost Description

Includes complete kit (manual, test plates, 25 record forms)

CDE Status

Not a CDE—last searched 1/24/2024.

Stroke

Non-Specific Patient Population

Intellectual Disability

45 items involving 2 dimensional configurations presented on separate cards (also called "test plates").
Test plates are contained in one spiral bound book with an easel back. Test administration cues are provided in the test plates to facilitate administration.
Test plates are comprised of black-and-white line drawings and designs, with answer choices presented in a multiple-choice format. No motor involvement is needed to make a response, making the test particularly useful with those who may have motor disabilities.
Assesses visual perceptual skills in 5 areas:
1) Spatial Relationships - the ability to perceive the positions of objects in relation to oneself and to other objects. Items assess the perception of pictures, figures, or patterns that are disoriented in relation to each other, such as figure reversals and rotations.,
2) Visual Discrimination - the ability to discriminate dominant features of different objects, including the ability to discriminate position, shapes, and forms.
3) Visual Memory- the ability to recognize a previously presented stimulus item after a brief interval.
4) Figure Ground- the ability to distinguish an object from background or surrounding objects.
5) Visual Closure- the ability to perceive a whole figure when only fragments are presented.
Administration instructions: see scoring manual.
Intended to be used by psychologists, occupational therapists, rehabilitation specialists, school psychologists, learning specialists, and others involved in assessing visual-perceptual skills and planning remediation activities.
Scoring is easy with no floor or ceiling needed. The raw score is quickly converted to one overall standard score and percentile rank.
Well-suited for use in a wide range of populations and ages.

Number of Items

MVPT-4 plate booklet
Administration, scoring, and teaching manual
Pencil or pen
Recording form

20-25 minutes

Required Training

No Training

Required Training Description

The instrument supplier requires the purchaser of the MVPT-4 to meet the requirement of Qualification Level B: A master’s degree in psychology, education, occupational therapy, social work, or counseling; or Certification by or full active membership in a professional organization that requires training; or a degree or license to practice in the health care field.

Preschool Children

4 - 5

years

Child

6 - 12

years

Adolescent

13 - 17

years

Adult

18 - 64

years

Elderly Adult

65 +

years

Instrument Reviewers

Initially reviewed by University of Illinois at Chicago Master of Science in Occupational Therapy students Nicole Barker, Arundathi Bannur Suresh, Andrea Jennings, and Lori Myers. Updated 7/26/2023 by UIC OT students Vanessa Atter, Janelly Macias Martinez, Talia Neuhaus, and Deeva Evangelista under the direction of Susan Magasi, PhD, FACRM, Professor and Head of Occupational Therapy, UIC.

ICF Domain

Body Function

Measurement Domain

Sensory

Professional Association Recommendation

None found—last searched 1/24/2024.

Considerations

Five versions of the measure have been developed

MVPT
MVPT-V
MVPT-R (Revised)
MVPT-3 (Revised)
MVPT-4

NOTE: All versions prior to the MVPT-4 have been discontinued.

No comparative studies exist besides those listed in the MVPT-4 manual.

The following changes occurred in the revision of the MVPT-3 into the MVPT-4: change in item number, from 65 to 45 items; changes in administering process of items in each subscale; beginning at the same point regardless of examinee’s age (Colarusso & Hammill, 2015).

The MVPT-4 subtests scores are not calculated individually, but added together to form one visual perceptual ability score (Hong et al., 2021).

The MVPT-4 is normed on the U.S populations only (Colarusso & Hammill, 2015)

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Normative Sample: (Colarusso & Hammill, 2015; n = 2160; age = 4 - 80+)

Age	SEM
4	6.06
5	7.35
6	8.22
7	6.82
8	8.09
9	7.89
10	7.54
11	5.73
12	6.17
13	6.50
14	7.82
15-19	6.71
20-39	6.47
40-59	7.50
60-69	5.96
70-79	5.39
80+	4.97

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)

Normative Sample: (Colarusso & Hammill, 2015)

Age	MDC
4	16.80
5	20.37
6	22.78
7	18.90
8	22.42
9	21.87
10	20.90
11	15.88
12	17.10
13	18.02
14	18.60
15-19	17.93
20-39	17.93
40-59	20.79
60-69	16.52
70-79	14.94
80+	13.78

Normative Data

Normative data is available for a U.S. sample aged 4 to 80+: (Colarusso & Hammill, 2015).

Test/Retest Reliability

Korean Healthy People: (Hong et al., 2021; n = 295, age = 10-79 years, inclusion criteria: no neurological impairments, no visual impairments, no problems with visual perception, no history of ophthalmic diseases, no problems with expressive or receptive language), Korean translation of MVPT-4 (K-MVPT-4))

Excellent test-retest reliability of K-MVPT-4 at 2 week interval (n = 27): (ICC = 0.949)

Internal Consistency

Normative Sample: (Colarusso & Hammill, 2015)

Excellent internal consistency (Average Cronbach’s Alpha = .80)

Age	Cronbach’s Alpha
4	0.84
5	0.76
6	0.70
7	0.79
8	0.71
9	0.72
10	0.75
11	0.85
12	0.83
13	0.81
14	0.73
15-19	0.80
20-39	0.81
40-59	0.75
60-69	0.84
70-79	0.87
80+	0.85
Average Value	0.80

Korean Healthy People: (Hong et al., 2021; n = 295; Korean translation of MVPT-4 (K-MVPT-4))

Excellent: α = 0.857 for all age groups

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Concurrent validity:

Korean Healthy People: (Hong et al., 2021; n = 295, Korean translation of MVPT-4 (K-MVPT-4))
- Adequate concurrent validity between the K-MVPT-4 and Korean Development Test of Visual Perception: Adolescent (K-DTVP-A) for each score of the K-DTVP-A’s motor-reduced subscales and the motor-reduced visual perception score (MRVP) (n = 43)
  - Figure ground: r = 0.463, p < 0.01
  - Visual closure: r = 0.442, p < 0.01
  - Form constancy: r = 0.444, p < 0.01
  - Motor Reduced Visual Perception: r = 0.525, p < 0.01

Construct Validity

Discriminant validity:

Korean Healthy People: (Hong et al., 2021; n = 295, Korean translation of MVPT-4 (K-MVPT-4))
- No significant differences between the scores of men (mean = 34.53) and women (mean = 33.91), p = 0.409
- Significant differences for age group: F = 61.208, (p < 0.001), with scores decreasing with age.
- Post hoc comparisons (n = 295) using the Scheffe test showed that scores of participants in their 10s, 20s, & 30s were significantly different from those of participants in their 50s, 60s, & 70s.

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Specific Learning Disabilities: (Kose et al., 2019; 7-10 year old children: n = 48 children with specific learning disabilities, mean age = 8.43 (1.12) and n = 48 normal children from relatives, mean age = 8.22 (0.99), evaluated according to core outcome set (COS) standards)

There was not enough information to ascertain whether the MVPT-4 met the COS standards for measurement error

Cut-Off Scores

> 52.2 indicates greater visual perception (sensitivity 0.50; specificity 0.87)

Normative Data

Specific Learning Disabilities: (Kose et al., 2019; 7-10 year old children: n = 48 children with specific learning disabilities (Study Group) mean age = 8.43 (1.12) and n = 48 normal children from relatives (Control Group), mean age = 8.22 (0.99), evaluated according to core outcome set (COS) standards)

Standardized scores on Motor-Free Visual Perception Test - 4

Score	Study Group (n = 48)	Control Group (n = 48)	Total (n = 96)
Mean (SD)	52.91 (11.04)	62.73 (10.05)	57.82 (11.60)
Median	52.22	62.22	60.00
Minimum	31.11	44.44	31.11
Maximum	71.11	91.11	91.11

Internal Consistency

There was not enough information to ascertain whether the MVPT-4 met the COS standards for internal consistency.

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Concurrent validity:

The MVPT-4 met the COS standards for criterion validity.

Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults: (Chang et al., 2022; n = 36, female = 30, age >= 60, mean age = 72.86 (9.43), exclusion criteria: history of stroke, dementia, brain injury, long-term use of sleeping pills or tranquilizers, retinopathy or optic nerve-related diseases; Taiwanese sample, Chinese translation of MVPT-4)

Excellent concurrent validity between the MVPT-4 and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) (r = 0.741, p < 0.001)

Predictive validity:

Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults: (Chang et al., 2022; n = 36, Taiwanese sample, Chinese translation of MVPT-4)

Significantly higher scores for those with normal ACE-III scores compared to those with abnormal ACE-III scores on overall MVPT-4 and all MVPT-4 subscales (t = -3.49 to -7.47, p < 0.001)
Linear regression (forward) revealed excellent predictive validity for MVPT-4 visual memory (β = 0.38) and peripheral awareness (β = 0.68) that combined accounted for 71.9% of the variance of the ACE-III total score.
- Similar analyses revealed adequate predictive ability for MVPT-4 total score (β = 0.34) and peripheral awareness (β = 0.60) that accounted for 65.1% of the variance of the ACE-III memory score.

Content Validity

The MVPT-4 met the COS standards for content validity.

Responsiveness

The MVPT-4 did not meet the COS standards for responsiveness.

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Stroke: (Chiu et al., 2022; n = 60, age > 20, outpatients with stroke able follow instructions and provide informed consent, exclusions: patients having visual neglect and visual deficits (diplopia, cataract, and glaucoma), assessment made with MVPT-4 four times at one week intervals)

SEM for Adjacent Assessments Using MVPT-4 at 1-Week Intervals

Adjacent Assessments	SEM
Time 1-2	2.7
Time 2-3	2.6
Time 3-4	2.3

Test/Retest Reliability

Stroke: (Chiu et al., 2022; four consecutive assessments at one week intervals)

Acceptable test-retest reliability for overall MVPT-4 scale: (ICC = 0.80-0.87)
Poor to Acceptable test-retest reliability for MVPT-4 subscales:
- Visual Discrimination Subscale: (ICC = 0.55-0.76)
- Figure-Ground Subscale: (ICC = 0.48-0.70)
- Visual Memory Subscale: (ICC = 0.50-0.57)
- Spatial Relationship Subscale: (ICC = 0.66-0.76)
- Visual Closure Subscale: (ICC = 0.63-0.72)
The researchers concluded that the MVPT-4 scale and subscales can be used to follow the progress of patients with stroke.

Bibliography

Chang, C., Su, K., Lu, F., Cheng, H., & Cheng, C. (2021). Visual Function and Visual Perception among Senior Citizens with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Taiwan. Healthcare, 10(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010020

Chiu, E., Hung, J., Yu, M., Chou, C., Wu, W. V., & Lee, Y. (2022). Practice effect and reliability of the motor-free visual perception test-4 over multiple assessments in patients with stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation, 44(11), 2456–2463. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1836267

Colarusso, R.P. & Hammill, D.D. (2015). Motor-free Visual Perception Test: Examiner's manual. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications, Inc.

Hong, D., Ryu, T., Kim, B. J., Lee, Y. S., & Jeong, Y. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Korean Motor-free Visual Perception Test-4 in healthy people. Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy, 34(2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/15691861211033913

Köse, B., Karabulut, E., & Aki, E. (2021). Investigating the interchangeability and clinical utility of MVPT-3 and MVPT-4 for 7–10 year children with and without specific learning disabilities. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 10(3), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2019.1681270

Last Updated

Purpose

Link to Instrument

Assessment Type

Administration Mode

Cost

Actual Cost

Cost Description

CDE Status

Number of Items

Required Training

Required Training Description

Instrument Reviewers

ICF Domain

Measurement Domain

Professional Association Recommendation

Considerations

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)

Normative Data

Test/Retest Reliability

Internal Consistency

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Construct Validity

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Cut-Off Scores

Normative Data

Internal Consistency

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Content Validity

Responsiveness

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Test/Retest Reliability

Bibliography

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