Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Third Edition

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 1,035; age = [4, 12])

Subtests:

• Eye-Hand Coordination: 1

• Copying: 1

• Figure-Ground: 1

• Visual Closure: 1

• Form Constancy: 1

Composites:

• Visual-Motor Integration Index: 4

• Motor-Reduced Visual Perception Index: 4

• General Visual Perception Index: 3

Note: SEMs listed are applicable at all age intervals.

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

Subtests:

• Eye-Hand Coordination: 2.77

• Copying: 2.77

• Figure-Ground: 2.77

• Visual Closure: 2.77

• Form Constancy: 2.77

Composites:

• Visual-Motor Integration Index: 11.09

• Motor-Reduced Visual Perception Index: 11.09

• General Visual Perception Index: 11.09

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

• > 90 indicates visual perceptual competence and demonstrates an understanding of physical properties of figures and objects, discrimination abilities, recognition skills, and accurate hand movements.

• < 90 indicates visual perception problems, fine-motor impairment, or eye-hand coordination difficulties.

• < 70 indicates serious problems in addition to those problems affecting visual perception (typically one or more handicapping conditions, such as language delay, learning disabilities, developmental delay, autism, and physical disabilities)

• To predict visual perception impairment with cutoff score of 92:

  • Sensitivity = 0.70

  • Specificity = 0.94

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

Raw Score Means and Standard Deviations

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy

Standard Score Means for Atypical Subgroups

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy; VMI =  Visual-Motor Integration Index; MRVP = Motor-Reduced Visual Perception; GVPI = General Visual Perception Index; G = Gifted; HOH = Hard of Hearing; SA = Speech Articulation; ADH = ADHD; AD = Asperger’s Disorder; LRD = Learning Disability; PI = Physical Impairment; A = Autism; LAD = Language Delay.

No significant differences were found when comparing:

• Male vs. Female

• African American vs. Non-African American

• Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic

• Right- vs. Left-handedness

Atypical subgroups tested include:

• Gifted

• Deaf/Hard of hearing

• Speech articulation

• ADHD

• Asperger’s Syndrome

• Learning disability

• Physical impairment

• Autism

• Language delay

Results for atypical subgroups were consistent with findings from similar assessments.

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 63; age = [4, 12]; described as having a “wide range of ability;” all resided in Austin, TX)

Test-Retest Reliability Coefficients for the DTVP-3 (Rounded Values)

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy; VMI =  Visual-Motor Integration Index; MRVP = Motor-Reduced Visual Perception; GVPI = General Visual Perception Index.

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 30; age [4, 12]; sample from the normative population)

• Excellent Interrater Reliability all coefficients > 0.90

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

DTVP-3 Subtests

• Excellent Eye Hand Coordination (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.90)

• Excellent Copying (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.85)

• Excellent Figure Ground (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.90)

• Excellent Visual Closure (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

• Excellent Form Constancy (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.86)

• Excellent Visual Motor Integration Index (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.92)

• Excellent Motor Reduced Visual Perception Index (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.92)

• Excellent General Visual Perception Index (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.95)

Typically Developing Children: (Brown, 2016; n =n39; age = [6, 8]; Australian children)

DTVP-3 Subtests

• Excellent Eye Hand Coordination: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

• Adequate Copying: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.70)

• Poor Figure Ground: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.60)

• Poor Visual Closure: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.65)

• Adequate Form Constancy: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.76)

• Excellent Visual Motor Integration Index: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.81)

• Excellent Motor Reduced Visual Perception Index: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

• Excellent General Visual Perception Index: (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.80)

Criterion-Predictive Validity

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014; n = 123; age = [4, 12]; children from Austin, TX)

Coefficients Between DTVP-3 and Criterion Test Scores

Notes: E-HC = Eye-Hand Coordination; C = Copying; F-G = Figure Ground; VC = Visual Closure; FC = Form Constancy; VMI =  Visual-Motor Integration Index; MRVP = Motor-Reduced Visual Perception; GVPI = General Visual Perception Index; VMI-5 = Beery-Bukenica Development Test of Visual-Motor Integration – 5^th Edition; TVPS-3 = Test of Visual Perceptual Skills – 3^rd Edition.

Values in parentheses are observed correlation coefficients; all others are corrected for attenuation due to range restriction and reliability of the criterion measure only.

Typically Developing Children: (Brown, 2016)

Spearman’s Rho Correlations between the VMI-6 and DTVP-3 (n = 39)

Notes: *p < .05; **p < .01; VMI-6 = Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration – 6^th edition; DTVP-3 = Developmental Test of Visual Perception – Third Edition; VMI = visual-motor integration; VP = visual perception.

General Population: (Hammill, Pearson, & Voress, 2014)

• Visual-Motor Integration Index, Motor-Reduced Visual Perception Index, and General Visual Perception Index have no floor or ceiling effects (adequate).

• Subtest 1 (Eye-hand Coordination) does not have a ceiling.

• Subtests 2-5 (Copying, Figure-Ground, Visual Closure, and Form Constancy) establish ceiling when the child scores a 0 on three consecutive items.

• Some subtests that previously existed on the DTVP-2 that had ceiling effects were removed from DTVP-3.