Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale

Last Updated

March 22, 2013

Purpose

The ABC Scale is a self-report measure of balance confidence in performing various activities without losing balance or experiencing a sense of unsteadiness.

Acronym ABC Scale

Area of Assessment

Balance – Vestibular
Balance – Non-vestibular
Functional Mobility

Assessment Type

Patient Reported Outcomes

Administration Mode

Paper & Pencil

Cost

Not Free

Cost Description

The paper version of the scale may be reproduced for student training, research and clinical practices in which therapists and assistants use the scale to assess fewer than 1000 patients per year (single assessment). In all other cases, including: larger scale practices (1,000+ patient administrations per year), translation into other languages, any other modifications to the scale itself or instructions, electronic adaptations, use in clinical or multi-centre trials (regardless of sample size), for commercial or marketing purposes, and/or posting the scale on a website, permission must be obtained by the researchers or institution by contacting amyers@uwaterloo.ca. Costs may apply.

Diagnosis/Conditions

Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders
Stroke Recovery
Vestibular Disorders

Vestibular Disorders

Stroke

Parkinson's Disease

Older Adults and Geriatric Care

Non-Specific Patient Population

Multiple Sclerosis

Brain Injury

16-item self-report measure in which patients rate their balance confidence for performing activities.
This stem is used to lead into each activity considered: "How confident are you that you will not lose your balance or become unsteady when you..."
Items are rated on a rating scale that ranges from 0 - 100.
Score of zero represents no confidence, a score of 100 represents complete confidence.
Overall score is calculated by adding item scores and then dividing by the total number of items.

Number of Items

Paper survey includes visual analogue scale from 0 - 100%

5-10 minutes

New Clinician and Experienced Clinician: approximately 5-10 minutes
Can be self-administered or via interview; recommended to administer by face-to-face interview (Powell & Meyers et al, 1995).

Required Training

No Training

Adult

18 - 64

years

Elderly Adult

65 +

years

Instrument Reviewers

Initially reviewed by Jason Raad, MS and the Rehabilitation Measures Team in 2010; Updated with references from the stroke, PD, elderly, and TBI populations by Julie Hamby, SPT and Ryan Lainez Rivadelo, SPT in 2011; Updated by Phyllis Palma, PT, DPT, Christopher Newman, PT, MPT, NCS, and the SCI EDGE task force of the Neurology Section of the APTA in 2012; Updated by Sue Saliga, PT, MS, DHSc and the TBI EDGE task force of the Neurology Section of the APTA in 2012; Updated with references for the Stroke and Parkinson's Disease populations by Sarah Menhennett, SPT and Jennifer Malwitz Ponce, SPT in 11/2012; Updated by Erin Hussey, PT, DPT, MS, NCS and the PD EDGE task force of the Neurology Section of the APTA in 2013; Updated by Jennifer Fay, PT, DPT, NCS and Tracy Rice, PT, MPH, MCS and the Vestibular EDGE task force of the Neurology Section of the APTA in 2013.

ICF Domain

Activity

Measurement Domain

Activities of Daily Living
Motor

Professional Association Recommendation

Recommendations for use of the instrument from the Neurology Section of the American Physical Therapy Association’s Multiple Sclerosis Taskforce (MSEDGE), Parkinson’s Taskforce (PD EDGE), Spinal Cord Injury Taskforce (PD EDGE), Stroke Taskforce (StrokEDGE), Traumatic Brain Injury Taskforce (TBI EDGE), and Vestibular Taskforce (Vestibular EDGE) are listed below. These recommendations were developed by a panel of research and clinical experts using a modified Delphi process.

For detailed information about how recommendations were made, please visit: http://www.neuropt.org/go/healthcare-professionals/neurology-section-outcome-measures-recommendations

*Abbreviations:*
HR	Highly Recommend
R	Recommend
*LS / UR*	Reasonable to use, but limited study in target group / Unable to Recommend
NR	Not Recommended

Recommendations for use based on acuity level of the patient:

	Acute (CVA < 2 months post) (SCI < 1 month post) (Vestibular < 6 weeks post)	Subacute (CVA 2 to 6 months) (SCI 3 to 6 months)	Chronic (Vestibular > 6 weeks weeks post)
SCI EDGE	LS	LS	LS
StrokEDGE	NR	R	R
Vestibular EDGE	R	R	R

Recommendations Based on Parkinson Disease Hoehn and Yahr stage:

	I	II	III	IV	V
PD EDGE	R	R	R	LS/UR	NR

Recommendations based on level of care in which the assessment is taken:

	Acute Care	Inpatient Rehabilitation	Skilled Nursing Facility	Outpatient Rehabilitation	Home Health
MS EDGE	R	R	R	R	R
StrokEDGE	NR	R	R	R	R
TBI EDGE	LS	LS	LS	LS	LS

Recommendations based on SCI AIS Classification:

	AIS A/B	AIS C/D
SCI EDGE	NR	LS

Recommendations for use based on ambulatory status after brain injury:

	Completely Independent	Mildly dependant	Moderately Dependant	Severely Dependant
TBI EDGE	LS	LS	NR	NR

Recommendations based on EDSS Classification:

	EDSS 0.0 – 3.5	EDSS 4.0 – 5.5	EDSS 6.0 – 7.5	EDSS 8.0 – 9.5
MS EDGE	R	R	R	NR

Recommendations based on vestibular diagnosis

	Peripheral	Central	Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)	Other
VEDGE	LS	LS	LS	LS

Recommendations for entry-level physical therapy education and use in research:

	Students should learn to administer this tool? (Y/N)	Students should be exposed to tool? (Y/N)	Appropriate for use in intervention research studies? (Y/N)	Is additional research warranted for this tool (Y/N)
MS EDGE	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
PD EDGE	No	No	Yes	Not reported
SCI EDGE	No	No	No	Not reported
StrokEDGE	No	Yes	Yes	Not reported
TBI EDGE	No	Yes	Yes	Not reported
VEDGE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Considerations

For some clients, need to periodically redirect to ensure they are considering confidence in mobility rather than responding based on their usual level of activity to each of the items listed.

Turkish Version (Karapolat et al., 2010)

Tested on individuals with unilateral vestibular disease
Adequate to Excellent individual item ICC = 0.67-0.92
Adequate to Excellent individual item Cronbach ɑ = 0.67-0.93
Excellent whole scale Cronbach ɑ = 0.95
Adequate DHI and ABC correlation r = 0.51-0.54; p < 0.05

Do you see an error or have a suggestion for this instrument summary? Please e-mail us!

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Community-Dwelling Elderly:

(Nemmers et al., 2008; n = 203; mean age = 77.33 (7.59), Community-Dwelling Elderly)

SEM = 1.197

Normative Data

Community Dwelling Older Adults:

(Huang & Wang, 2009; n = 168, mean age = 70.96 (6.91); mean Tinetti mobility score = 23.11 (6.39); mean FES score = 91.85 (16.89); Chinese language sample)

Mean (SD) scores = 79.89 (20.59)

Test/Retest Reliability

Elderly Population:

(Powell & Myers, 1995; n = 21; Assessed in two-week intervals, Elderly Population)

Excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.92, p < 0.001)

Internal Consistency

Community Dwelling Older Adults:

(Huang & Wang, 2009, Community Dwelling Older Adults)

Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.96)

Geriatric Females:

(Talley et al., 2008; n = 272; mean age = 78.7 (4.9) years, Geriatric Females)

Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95)

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Geriatric Females:

(Talley et al., 2008, Geriatric Females)

Correlations between the ABC and Other Clinical Assessments:
SAFE	-0.65*
Balance Test	0.57*
Gait Speed	0.51*
TUG	-0.39*
Activity Restrictions	-0.43*
Depression Scale	-0.38*
Fall History	-0.20*
Medical Condition	-0.32*
Assistive Device Use	0.51*
*p < 0.001

Construct Validity

Community-Dwelling Elderly:

(Wrisley et al., 2010; n = 35 community dwelling older adults; mean age = 72.9 (7.8) years, Community-Dwelling Elderly)

Adequate correlation between ABC score and Functional Gait Assessment (r = 0.53, p < 0.001)

(Filiatrault et al., 2007; n = 200 community dwelling seniors involved in an effectiveness study of a falls prevention program; mean age = 73.0 (7.4) years, Community-Dwelling Elderly)

Excellent correlation between ABC-S and ABC Scale (r = 0.94, p < 0.001)

(Landers et al., 2011; Part 1, questionnaire development: n = 39 residents of an assisted living facility; mean age = 85.03 (5.1) years; Part 2, psychometric testing; n = 63 community dwelling individuals with varying health conditions; mean age = 72.2 (7.2) years, Community-Dwelling Elderly)

Excellent correlation between ABC and Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire (FFABQ) (r= -0.678, p < 0.01)

(Hatch et al., 2003; n = 50 community dwelling elderly people; mean age = 81.7 (6.7) years, Community-Dwelling Elderly)

Excellent correlation between ABC score and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (r = 0.752, p < 0.01)
Excellent correlation between ABC score and Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) (r = 0.698, p < 0.01)

Content Validity

Clinicians were asked to "name the 10 most important activities, essential to independent living, that while requiring some position change or walking, would be safe and nonhazardous to most elderly persons."
A sample of seniors were asked the above question, in addition to the following question: "Are you afraid of falling during any normal daily activities, and if so, which ones?" (Powell & Myers, 1995)

Floor/Ceiling Effects

Community-dwelling Older Adults:

(Huang & Wang, 2009; n = 174 community-dwelling adults aged 60 and older; Taiwanese sample, Community-Dwelling Older Adults)

Less-frail participants scoring above 80 on the ABC were unlikely to improve their balance confidence after completing physical activity programs.

Responsiveness

Community Dwelling Older Adults:

(Huang & Wang, 2009; 8 weeks between assessments, Community-Dwelling Older Adults)

Mean change scores = -3.58 (6.61); not statistically different (t = 1.894, p = 0.07)

Geriatric Females:

(Talley et al., 2008, Geriatric Females)

Standardized response means for the ABC were 0.05
Participants in a fall prevention group had a mean change score of -1.1 for the ABC

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Parkinson’s Disease:

(Dal Bello-Haas et al., 2011; n = 24; mean age = 64.9 (8.0) years; mean time since diagnosis = 4.5 (4.3) years; H & Y Stages 1- 3; Stage 1: n = 13, Stage 2: n = 6, Stage 3: n = 5; mean MMSE scores = 27.4 (2.5) points, test retest by same rater at 2-week interval)

SEM = 4.01

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)

Parkinsonism (included 35 PD and 2 Parkinson-plus syndromes):

(Steffen & Seney, 2008; n = 37; mean age = 71 (21); mean disease duration = 14 (6) years; Hoehn and Yahr Stages median score = 2 (range = 1 to 4); Stage 1: n = 3, Stage 2: n = 7, Stage 3: n = 9, Stage 4: n = 8; test retest by same rater at 1 week intervals; mean number of falls in the past 6 monts = 7; administered ABC via participant interview)

MDC = 13

(Dal Bello-Haas et al., 2011, Parkinson’s Disease)

MDC = 11.12

Cut-Off Scores

Parkinson’s Disease:

(Mak & Pang, 2009; n = 70 with idiopathic PD, 32 reporting 1 or more falls in 12 months; mean age for fallers = 64.1 (6.9) and 62.6 (7.8) years for non-fallers; mean duration of disease nonfallers = 7.2 (4.2) and fallers = 9.4 (5.3); H&Y stage of nonfallers = 2.8 (0.5) and fallers mean = 3.0 (0.3) MMSE > 23)

Cut-off score of 69%. Predictive of recurrent falls based on prospective 12-month follow-up (AUC = 0.823, sensitivity = 93%, specificity = 69%)

(Almeida et al., 2016; n = 225 persons with PD in prospective cohort study; 122 (54.2%) male; mean age = 70.7 (6.6); 84 recurrent fallers with 2 or more falls in the 12-month follow-up period; mean age for recurrent fallers = 71.1 (6.3); 141 nonrecurrent fallers with one or no falls in the 12-month follow-up period; mean age for nonrecurrent fallers = 70.4 (6.7))

Cut-off score of 55%. Exhibited moderate accuracy for predicting recurrent falls in persons with PD (AUC = 0.73; sensitivity = 0.71; specificity = 0.62)

Normative Data

Parkinson's Disease:

(Mak et al., 2012; n = 57 via convenience sample, mean age = 63.7 (8.5); mean duration PD diagnosis = 7.6 (4.7) years; H&Y Stages: mean = 2.5 (1.0); MMSE > 23/30; able to walk 6 meters x3 without device. All tested during "on" phase of medications; Correlational study completed in one session)

Mean ABC score = 73.6% (19.3)

Test/Retest Reliability

Parkinson's Disease:

(Dal Bello-Haas et al., 2011, Parkinson’s Disease)

Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.79)

(Lohnes et al., 2010; n = 89; mean age = 66 (8.9); mean disease duration = 8.2 (5.2); Hoehn & Yahr range 1 - 4 with mean = 2.3 (0.5))

Excellent test restest reliability (ICC = 0.96)

Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism:

(Steffen et al., 2008; n = 37; mean age 71 (12) years; Hoehn and Yahr Median Score = 2 (scores ranged from 1 to 4); mean number of falls in the past 6 months = 7; mean disease duration = 14 (6) years, Parkinsonism)Parkinson’s Disease)

Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.94)

Internal Consistency

Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism:

(Steffen & Seney, 2008, Parkinson’s Disease)

Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95)

(Dal Bello-Haas et al., 2011, Parkinson’s Disease)

Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92)

Parkinson Disease and High level gait disorders:

(Peretz et al, 2006; Hebrew version of ABC scale; n = 157 subjects in 3 groups, > 24/30 on MMSE; Controls, n =68; High-level gait disorders (HLGD), n = 70; Parkinson Disease, n = 19; Those with PD were H&Y stages 1 - 3; mean disease duration = 7.7 (5.2) years and on Levadopa)

Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91)

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Parkinson Disease:

(Mak & Pang, 2009; n = 70 with idiopathic PD, 32 reporting 1 or more falls in 12 months; Mean age nonfallers = 62.6 (7.8) and fallers = 64.1 (6.9); mean duration of disease nonfallers = 7.2 (4.2) and fallers = 9.4 (5.3) HY stage of Nonfallers = 2.8 (0.5) and fallers mean 3.0 (0.3) MMSE > 23)

Regression analysis: Most significant predictor of recurrent falls was 1) fall history (F = 32.57; p < 0.001); 2) UPDRS motor (F = 25.23, p < 0.001), and 3) ABC score (F = 18.84, p < 0.001)
Previous fall history, UPDRS-motor score and ABC score accurately predict recurrent falls (prospective 12 mo) based on regression analysis (accuracy = 87%, sensitivity = 93% and specificity = 86%)
Recurrent fallers had higher HY stage (p < 0.05), Higher UPDRS motor scores (p < 0.01) and lower ABC scores (p < 0.001) than nonfallers

Parkinson Disease:

(Mak et al., 2012)

Adequate correlation between ABC score and knee muscle strength (r = 0.301,P = 0.029)
Excellent inverse correlation between ABC score with the UPDRS-Posture & Gait (PG) score (r = −0.661, P < 0.001)

Parkinson's Disease:

(Lohnes & Earhart et al, 2010)

Poor to Adequate Correlation ABC and other clinical measures	*Correlation significant**	p value reported
Berg Balance Score (Adequaqte)	0.505*	< 0.001
Functional Reach Test (Poor)	0.184	= 0.184
Single Limb Stance (Poor)	0.263*	< 0.05
Tandem Stance (Adequate)	0.357*	< 0.05
6 minute walk test (Adequate)	0.458	< 0.001
TUG (Adequate)	-0.372* inverse	< 0.001
PIGD (Adequate)	-0.387* inverse	< 0.001
UPDRS-III (Poor)	-0.221* inverse	< 0.05

Construct Validity

Parkinson Disease:

(Peretz et al., 2006)

Distinguish those with Parkinson Disease vs. Control group (sensitivity = 58%; specificity = 96%)
Distinguish high level gait disorders (HLGD) vs. those with Parkinson Disease (sensitivity = 97%; specificity = 32%)
Distinguish those with HLGDs vs. Controls (sensitivity = 96%; specificity = 96%)

(Bello Haas et al; identifies scale best at distinguishing stage 1 from stage 3 since only that reached significance at p = 0.007)

ABC scores distinguish those in HY stage 1 and stage 3, 13.90 (95% CI: 3.67 - 23.14, (p = 0.007))

(Mak et al., 2009)

PD fallers significantly lower ABC scores (p < 0.05), compared to PD non-fallers; PD non-fallers significantly lower ABC scores (p < 0.05) than control
ABC of > 80 signif associated with lower falls risk (after accounting for age, gender, disease duration, depression); OR=0.06, CI = 0.01, 0.65, p = 0.02. Whereas, moderate ABC scores (50 - 80%) were not significantly associated with reduced fall risk (OR= 0.10, CI 0.01, 1.29; p = 0.078)

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Stroke:

(Botner et al., 2005; n = 77; mean age = 67 (8.8) years; average time since stroke = 4.0 (3.1) years, Chronic Stroke)

SEM = 6.81

(Salbach et al., 2006; n = 86; mean age (ABC) = 73 (10) years, (ABC-CF) = 70 (12) years, Stroke)

SEM for ABC = 5.05
SEM for ABC-CF = 5.13

Cut-Off Scores

Stroke:

(Beninato et al., 2009; n = 27; mean age for fallers = 61.2 (13.5) and 55.2 (11.6) years for non-fallers, Chronic Stroke)

Cut-off score of 81.1 can provide relative certainty that the individual did not have a history of multiple falls

Normative Data

Stroke:

(Botner et al., 2005, Chronic Stroke)

ABC Item and Total Score Descriptive Data:
Activity	Mean (SD)	Median	Range	ICC	95% CI
Walk around the house	83.3 (18.6)	90	30 – 100	0.89	0.76 – 0.95
Walk up and down stairs	76.3 (17.7)	77.5	50 – 100	0.53	0.17 – 0.77
Pick up a slipper from the floor	74.1 (25.5)	80	10 – 100	0.88	0.74 – 0.95
Reach at eye level	79.4 (20.9)	85	40 – 100	0.57	0.22 – 0.79
Reach while standing on your tiptoes	57.3 (29.3)	60	0 – 100	0.64	0.33 – 0.83
Stand on a chair to reach	38.1 (30.0)	40	0 – 95	0.81	0.61 – 0.92
Sweep the floor	70.0 (28.7)	80	10 – 100	0.59	0.25 – 0.80
Walk outside to nearby car	82.3 (19.4)	90	40 – 100	0.69	0.41 – 0.85
Get in and out of a car	84.2 (18.3)	95	40 – 100	0.73	0.47 – 0.87
Walk across a parking lot	78.8 (19.3)	80	40 – 100	0.75	0.50 – 0.88
Walk up and down a ramp	71.9 (22.8)	70	15 – 100	0.93	0.84 – 0.97
Walk in a crowded mall	72.9 (20.7)	70	40 – 100	0.69	0.41 – 0.85
Walk in a crowd or get bumped	65.4 (21.4)	62.5	25 – 100	0.58	0.23 – 0.79
Ride an escalator holding the rail	70.6 (26.0)	70	0 – 100	0.58	0.24 – 0.79
Ride an escalator not holding the rail	46.3 (30.5)	45	0 – 100	0.70	0.41 – 0.86
Walk on icy sidewalks	41.7 (28.7)	50	0 – 100	0.79	0.58 – 0.90
Total ABC score	68.3 (17.5)	64.5	40.6 – 98.8	0.85	0.68 – 0.93

Test/Retest Reliability

Stroke:

(Botner et al., 2005, Chronic Stroke)

Excellent 4-week total score test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.85; 95% CI 0.68 – 0.93)
Adequate to excellent item level test-retest reliability (ICC ranged from 0.53 to 0.93)

Internal Consistency

Stroke:

(Salbach et al., 2006, Stroke)

Excellent internal consistency for ABC (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94) and ABC-CF (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93)

Construct Validity

Stroke:

(Salbach et al., 2006, Stroke)

Spearman (95% CI)
Measure (unit or scoring)	ABC (n=51)	ABC CF (n=35)
SF-36 PF Scale (range, 0-100)	0.60 (0.39-0.76)	0.56 (0.29-0.76)
EQ VAS (range, 0-100)	0.52 (0.28 to 0.69)	0.68 (0.44 to 0.82)
BBS (range, 0-56)	0.42 (0.16 to 0.62)	0.49 (0.19 to 0.71)
Maximum walking speed (m/s)	0.43 (0.18 to 0.63)	0.53 (0.24 to 0.74)
Comfortable walking speed (m/s)	0.42 (0.16 to 0.62)	0.48 (0.17 to 0.70)
6MWT (m)	0.40 (0.13 to 0.61)	0.48 (0.18 to 0.70)
Barthel Index (range, 0-100)	0.37 (0.11 to 0.59)	0.45 (0.14 to 0.68)
TUG (s)	-0.34 (-0.07 to -0.56)	-0.52 (-0.22 to -0.73)
GDS (range, 0-30)	-0.30 (-0.03 to -0.53)	-0.61 (-0.34 to -0.79)

(Botner et al., 2005, Chronic Stroke)

Adequate correlation between the ABC total score and the BBS score (r = 0.36, p < 0.001)
Adequate correlation between the ABC total score and gait speed (r = 0.48, p < 0.001)

Floor/Ceiling Effects

Stroke:

(Salbach et al., 2006, Stroke)

75% of subjects scored between 20% and 80% out of 100%, which would suggest no floor or ceiling effects for the total score of the ABC scale

(Botner et al., 2005, Chronic Stroke)

More than 80% of the sample scored between 40 and 80 suggesting there were minimal floor or ceiling effects

Construct Validity

Traumatic Brain Injury:

(Inness et al., 2011; n = 35 patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) (13 in-patient/22 out-patient); mean age = 28.7(10.6) years, TBI)

Excellent correlation between Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB & M) and ABC scores (r =0.60, p = 0.011)

Cut-Off Scores

Fallers and Non-fallers:

(Lajoie & Gallagher, 2003; n = 125; mean age for fallers = 75.50 (3.14) and 73.80 (2.75) years for non-fallers, Fallers and Non-fallers)

Scores < 67% indicates a risk for falling; can accurately classify people who fall 84% of the time.

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Vestibular Disorders:

(Horak et al., 2009; n = 22 subjects with and without balance disorders including vestibular (5), PD (3), and peripheral neuroopathy; mean age = 63 (10) years, Vestibular Disorders)

Excellent correlation between the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and the ABC Scale (r = 0.636, p < 0.01)

(Legters et al 2005; n = 137 adults diagnosed with peripheral vestibular disorder; mean age 60.8 years)

Adequate correlation between the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) and the ABC scale (r = 0.58, p<0.001) in total sample.
Excellent correlation between the DGI and the ABC Scale in patients with mild or moderate caloric weakness (r = 0.65)
Adequate correlation between ABC Scale and the DGI for patients with severe or total weakness (r = 0.48)

(Morgan et al., 2013; n = 53 individuals with dizziness and imbalance)

Excellent correlation between ABC and FES-I (r = -0.84)

(Marchetti et al., 2011; n = 95 adults older than 65 years with signs and symptoms of vestibular dysfunction)

Adequate correlation between ABC and TUG (r = -0.40; p < 0.01)
Adequate correlation between ABC and DGI (r = 0.37; p < 0.01)
Adequate correlation between ABC and SF-36 (r = 0.41; p < 0.01)

Construct Validity

Vestibular Disorders:

(Whitney et al., 1999; n = 71 adults from a local Balance and Vestibular Clinic.

Excellent correlation between the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and the ABC Nonparametric Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient r_s= -0.6751 for patients ≤ 64 years p < 0.0005.
Excellent correlation between the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and the ABC Nonparametric Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient r_s= -0.6359 for patients ≥ 64 years p < 0.0005.
Excellent correlation between the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and the ABC Nonparametric Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient r_s= -0.6350 for patients total sample p < 0.0005.

Cut-Off Scores

Fallers and Non-fallers:

(Lajoie & Gallagher, 2003; n = 125; mean age for fallers = 75.50 (3.14) and 73.80 (2.75) years for non-fallers, Fallers and Non-fallers)

Scores < 67% indicates a risk for falling; can accurately classify people who fall 84% of the time.

Bibliography

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Filiatrault, J., Gauvin, L., et al. (2007). "Evidence of the psychometric qualities of a simplified version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale for community-dwelling seniors." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88(5): 664-672. Find it on PubMed

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Last Updated

Purpose

Area of Assessment

Assessment Type

Administration Mode

Cost

Cost Description

Diagnosis/Conditions

Number of Items

Required Training

Instrument Reviewers

ICF Domain

Measurement Domain

Professional Association Recommendation

Considerations

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Normative Data

Test/Retest Reliability

Internal Consistency

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Construct Validity

Content Validity

Floor/Ceiling Effects

Responsiveness

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)

Cut-Off Scores

Normative Data

Test/Retest Reliability

Internal Consistency

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Construct Validity

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Cut-Off Scores

Normative Data

Test/Retest Reliability

Internal Consistency

Construct Validity

Floor/Ceiling Effects

Construct Validity

Cut-Off Scores

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent)

Construct Validity

Cut-Off Scores

Bibliography

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